No. All the examples you gave (except for icing) make the game unplayable, thus the whistle. It is impossible to let play continue when the puck is in the stands, and you can't allow the goal to be randomly shuffled around the ice. As far as icing, the puck has been sent over 100 feet down the ice and puts the non-committing team at an immediate disadvantage, so the whistle blows.
The other examples you give of situations where the whistle doesn't blow (high stick, hand pass, offside) are situations where it wouldn't make sense to take possession away from the non-guilty team, and if the whistle blew straight away it would be to the benefit of the team that that committed the infraction. Same goes for a delayed penalty. If a player gets tripped, and his teammate picks up the puck and goes in alone on goal, it would be completely unfair for the whistle to blow immediately in order to call the penalty.
So, if a player or team commits an infraction, play continues until control of the puck is lost. That isn't penalizing the team being called for a penalty, it is making sure the team that was victim to the rules infraction isn't being penalized by stopping the play.
No action is taken until control is lost, meaning no punishment/penalty is being dealt until control is lost.