In the 1990s, as the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO, Slovakia was called by Madeleine Albright, the then-US secretary of state, “a black hole in the heart of Europe”. Vladimir Mečiar, then prime minister of Slovakia, politicised the state administration. He sacked people he deemed disloyal from state-run media and sold off state-owned companies to Mečiar allies. His security services were
involved in kidnapping the son of the then president, who was a known Mečiar opponent.
Mečiar could control the state institutions, and state-run media, and try to ensure powerful private companies were owned by his friends. What he could not control was civil society. In 1998 — with the help of US and European funders — a group of Slovaks ran a campaign to help ensure a free and fair election. Most of the campaigns were organised by a movement called Civic Campaign OK ‘98. Pavol Demes was a civil society actor in the movement, and when I interviewed him in 2019 he said: “The ethos that we created: it will be OK in ‘98 because we citizens will step in.”
And they did. Two months before the 1998 election, more than 50 per cent of Slovaks thought Mečiar would win again. But he lost.